TOPIC TWO: IT AND ICT

          We learned that information technology can be defined as any computer based tools that people used to work with information and to support information need of an organization. Also information technology can be defined as a term that encompasses all form of technology used to create, store, exchange, and use information in its various forms. Also there two important things about information we learned. Those things are information technology architecture and information technologist infrastructure. Information technology architecture is a map or plan of information assets in organization while information technology infrastructure is the physical facilities, IT components, IT service and IT components that support an entire organization. IT components it includes the following things.It include computer hardware, software and communication technology. IT services are the services provided for people such as data management, system development and security management. IT personnel are the people who work with information technology.

        We learned what information and communication technology (ICT) is and what is difference between IT and ICT.  Information and communication technology is technology that provided access to information through telecommunication. The difference between IT and ICT is that ICT is similar to IT but ICT is focus mostly in communication technology. I learned that ICT has made great changes in many fields such as in education, economy, healthcare, government, science, business and banking. For instance in banking has improved services as replacing long queue in the banks with online service. People  nowadays they don't have to make a long in the banks for service instead they can get service online.They can transfer money from one account to another through online service. In business ICT has helped business man to make their advertisement in the internet and to communicate with their clients directly through internet.

        ICT play a great role in education. During past decades of years book had been used as mainly learning tools in education. But currently information and communication technology which include radio and television as well as newer digital technology such as computer and internet have become potential learning tool in education. The following are uses of ICT in education. projector is used in teaching.  Nowadays our lecture use projector to teach students. projector is  good example of ICT.

 USEFUL OF ICT IN EDUCATION (PROJECTOR)

  

        Another uses of ICT in education is teleconferencing, e-learning and other else.Automated teller machine, El-banking, Smart card, Electronic data interchange and electronic data transfer are good example of uses of ICT in banking. I learned the following advantage of ICT in banking. The first one it has improved customer access to meet customer needs. For instance, Long queue in banks has been replaced by online service. It is very convenience since customer can get access to the banking service through internet. For instance customer can transfer money from one account to another through internet without going to the banks. Also they can check balance of their  account through internet. Other advantage of uses of ICT cost and time effectiveness. Customer they can save their time by using ATM card to draw their money instead of standing in a long queue.

 uses of ICT banking

       Also i have learned that in business people can use ICT to communicate between individuals, individuals and organization and individual and an external organization. Example of uses of ICT in business are mobile telephones, e-business, multimedia communication, e-mail and laptop computers.
Before we started to learn information system we started firstly to learn what system is. System is a set of elements or components. we learned that system has input, processing mechanism, output and feedback. Then we learned that information system is an application of computer based information technology used to facilitate planning, control, coordination, and decision making in an organization.
       We learned components of computer based information system. Components of computer based information system we have learned are procedure, database, hardware, software, telecommunication and people.
        Hardware is physical parts  of computer system. Hardware consists of computer equipment used to perform input, processing and output activities. Example of hardware are input devices such as mice, keyboard and other else, output devices such as speaker, monitor, communication devices and storage devices such for example flash disk, floppy disk and memory.
Software consists of computer programs and instructions that govern the operation of computer. Programs corresponding to specific jobs should be stored in the memory of computer.

       Database is another component of computer based information system and it can be defined as an organized collection of interrelated data. Data and records are stored in data base so they can be retrieved easily. I learned that the main use of database is to store data. Database can store large number of records. People are the one among of components of information system. Those people are people who program,manage, run and maintain system.

    Procedures are strategy, policy, rules for using computer information system. Procedure refers to document written to support a policy directive.

 Information system has several types. Those types of information system we learned are transaction processing system, decision support system, expert support system, management information system and office automation system.
         I learned that there many information system in the word. Information system that is used in accounting is called auditing system. Information system which is used for healthcare is called expert system. For finance they payroll system, for journalism they use knowledge management system. Any organization in this world can have its own information system. For human resources they use applicant tracking system.
         Network, Telecommunication,  and internet are the components of information system. Network is used to connect computer and equipment in or around a certain area so as to enable electronic communication. Examples of networks are local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN) and metropolitan network (MAN). Telecommunication is electronic transmission of signal for communication which enables organization to carry out their task,  process through effective computer network.
          I learned roles of computer based information system. Those roles are support competitive advantage, support business decision making, support business operation and process information system is divided into two mainly types. The first type is operations support system. Operation support system includes system such as transaction processing system, office system, enterprise collaboration system. Second type is management support system. Management support system includes system such as management information systems, decision support system and executive support system. There are three managerial level in an organisation. There are low level manager, middle level manager and top level manager.

       Types of planning that is used in low level manager is called operational. Transaction processing system is the one which is used in low level manager. Low level managers are the one who directs workers/employees. Workers are informed about decisions that are taken by management in this lower level management. Management are informed about performance by lower level management.
        I learned that tactical is in middle level.Types of information system that are encompassed in middle level manager are decision support system (DSS) and management information system (MIS). low level manager consists of the following people. Department heads, department manager and junior executive. All of these people they have their own task. For instance department heads are finance manager. Junior executives are assistance of finance manager. The last level is top manager .System that is used by top manager is called executive support system. I learned that top manager they use strategic plan. Top level management is used to determine plans, policies and objectives of organisation.
         After learned three managerial level we learned in detail one system after another. We started with transaction support system. Transaction support system is the one which capture and process data. Also i learned that transaction processing system records the data from every day operations throughout revision or department in an organisation.
        I learned four feature of transaction processing system. The first feature is that each department should have one transaction processing system. I learned that each department is connected through the transaction processing system to provide useful information to management level through the company. Second feature is        transaction processing system is back born of an organisation's information system. Thirdly, Transaction processing system (TPS) is used by operational personnel and  supervisor levels. Fourthly, TPS is used to monitor, collect, store and process data generated from business transaction system. After learned features of information system i learned three components of information system. Those components are people, hardware and software. There are two kind of people involved in this transaction processing system. First one is the user of information.  User of information is the person belonging to the organisation that owns transaction processing system. Another one is participants. Participants are the people who conduct the information processing of the system as they directly enter transaction and perform validation.
    Other thing i learned about transaction processing system is its function. I learned four function of transaction processing system which are input function, processing function, output function and storage function. Input function includes activity like to capture input data, enter input data, and Validate input data. Perform computation and making decision are activity done in processing function. Examples of output function of transaction processing system are to produce screen output and to print output. Examples of storage function of transaction processing system are to store data, to access data and to update data.
       I learned what management information system (MIS) is. I learned that management information system is an integrated collection of people, procedures, database and devices that provides managers and decision makers with information to help achieve organisation goals. the following are features of management information management system. Management information system is used by middle managerial level. Second one is TPS uses internal data stored in computer system. Third one it to produce several kind of report with fixed and standard formats. The last feature is MIS draws from all departments. Also i learned that the main function of management information system is to provide managers with information about operations of the organisation so that they can control, organize and plan more effectively. Information system has several roles. MIS supports structures decision. Another role is MIS is to provide the right information to the right person in the right format at the right time.
      Other information system i learned is decision support system(DSP). Decision support system is used by middle manager. Decision support system is defined as organised collection of people, procedure, software, database, and devices used to support problem-specific decision making. Decision support system it has the following feature. It is used to support unstructured problems. It is used by tactical manager.
       Expert support system is computerized expert systems that have been developed to diagnosed problems, predict future events and solve problems. Expert support system possesses the following characteristic.ESS helps users to solve problems. It gives computer the ability to make suggestions and act like an expert in particular field. The last it can be used by both management and management personnel.


         

TOPIC ONE: DATA AND INFORMATION

We learned what data is and what information is. Also we learned the difference between data and information. Data is a raw facts or unprocessed item. Data can exist in various forms such as numbers, symbols, characters, pictures or even sound. Data does not have a meaning when it stands on its own. Information is data that is organized and meaningful. also information can be defined as data that has been processed into a useful fact. Learned that the main difference between data and information is that data has no any meaning when it stand on its own but information has the meaning. I learned six quality of valuable information. Valuable information should have the following qualities. First one is information should be accurate. In. it must be looked if information is current. Third one is information should complete. Information to be complete it does not have to miss anything. Fourth one is information should be organized.it should be well arranged. Fifth information should be verifiable. Last quality is information should be useful.

Information plays several roles. The following are three roles of information we have learned. Firstly, information is used in decision making. For instance, Managers of organizations collect information from various sources and they use information which has been collected to make decisions. Secondly, information is used to influence and persuade. For example, Information is used in advertisement to persuade customers to buy commodities. Lastly, information can be a capital resource.

We learned to basic elements of information known as reach and richness. Reach can be defined as the number of people either at home or at work exchanging that information. Richness can be defines as amount of quality information shared in transaction. There are three components of richness. Those components are Bandwidth, customization and interactivity. Bandwidth is amount of information that can be moved from sender to receiver in a given time. Customization is when information is tailored an audience of particular size. Interactivity is the extent to which involved parties can converse.

I learned what computer network is. Computer network is simply a group of interconnected computer that are connected via hardware and software and able to communicate with each other. Also i learned that how do computer represent data. Bit is used in computer to represent data. Bit is the most basic unit if information in a computer. Bit uses only two digit to represent data which are 0 and 1. We learned five basic operations which a computer can perform. Those operations are input, output, processing, storage and communication. Three element must exist during data communication in a computer are sender, medium and receiver. People can use computer network for resource sharing. For instance one printer can be shared by more than one user. Computer network can be used for information sharing and promote communication and collaboration. For example users can communicate with each other by sending an email from one computer to another.

Input is any data or instruction entered into a memory of a computer. a good example of input is password. Also we learned what an input device is. Input device is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instruction into a computer. Examples of inputs devices are mouse, scanner, keyboard, light pen and other else.

Input devices

 

 Also we learned that output is the data that has been processed into a useful form. Output device is any type of hardware components that convey information to one or more people. Examples of output devices are monitor,printer, speaker and all display devices such as television.

output devices

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
The fist thing we learned in this week is about information management.we learned what information management is. information management can be defined as general terms that refer to managing any kind of information or is management and collection of information from one one or more sources and distribution of that information to one or more audience. Information can be found from sources such as paper documents,electronic documents,audio,video.also we learned there are types of information management system such as web content management,document management,records management,digital asset management,learning management system and learning content management system. another thing we have learned is problems associated with information management.information management can face various problem such as little coordination between information systems, large number of disparate information management systems,direct competition between information management systems, poor quality of information and other else.To implement what we learned in class, we were divided in groups and each group were given a topic to work for. my group was concerned with information management. we studied deeply when we were searching information regarding information management from various sources. sources which we uses to search information about information  management are books, internet, library and magazine. This assignment of information management has expanded my knowledge since it gave me a chance to  exercise my mind by searching information.

second thing we have learned is computer. we learned what is computer. computer is any programmable machine that carries out what it has been instructed to do. we learned five generation of computer and categories of computer.

GENERATION OF COMPUTER

computer has been improved gradual from first generation to the last generation.

PRE COMPUTER AND EARLY COMPUTER

 Before 1940s  people were using calculating devices known as abacus.

THE FIRST GENERATION:VACUUM TUBES

The first generation of computer was between 1940 and 1950. In this generation two kind of computers were made.The first computer was called ENIAC which was made in 1945 by us arm to perform calculation during world war two.Another computer was UNIVC. This was made in1950 as commercial computer.THIS IS AN IMAGE OF UNIVAC.

SECOND GENERATION: TRANSISTORS

second generation was between 1964 and 1964. Replacement was made in this generation where vacuum tubes have been replaced by transistors

THIRD GENERATION: INTEGRATED CIRCUIT.

In this generation which was between 1963 and 1974.I have learned that microprocessor chips combined thousands of transistors, entire circuit on one computer chip.

FOURTH GENERATION

This generation is between 1974 until present, integrated circuits was more modified and the result of modification is occurrence of very large scale integration (VLSI) and ultra large scale integration (ULSI).

FIFTH GENERATION

This is last generation. This generation is between now and future .This generation use artificial intelligence where computer can think, reason and learn. primary means of input are voice and touch.

Also,in this week i leaned other thing like computer architecture,computer processing power, categories of computer, unit of measurement of speed and capacity of each part of computer. For instance speed is measures in hertz and capacity is measured byte. before i did not know about system unit and mother board  i have learned it in second week where Mr. azamudin taught us what is mother mother board, system unit and there components.
I have learned why people rely on computer. things which cause people to rely on computer are speed, reliability, storage, communication.
I learned categories of computer. computer can categorized according to their size, capability and prize. six categories of computer i have learned are embedded computer, mobile devices,personal computer, mid range servers, main frames and super computer.
Embedded computer
This is min computer embedded into specific product for specific function.example of embedded computers are price checkers,digital cameras, digital timer on an oven and air condition,digital clock on washing machine and other else.

 

Mobile computer
this are computers that fits in our hand that contain built in computing or internet capabilities.

  

Personal computer

 A digital computer designed for use by only one person at a time.

 

Midrange server

It is used to host data and programs available to a small group of users

 

Mainframe computers

Very powerful computer that can handle large number of users simultaneously

 Super computer

Most powerful category of computer used for complex computation and processing